![]() Polarization of a developing spinal motor neuron that accompanies the clustering of sodium channels near the axon hillock (red). Spinal motor neuron labeled with antibodies to sodium channels at the axon initial segment (green) and neurofilaments (red) ( reproduced with permission). Avian optic lobe neuron showing axon emerging from dendrite (Cajal). The membranous system bounds and defines different intracellular compartments and includes the outer cell membrane (the plasmalemma) that encompasses the global compartment defining cellularity itself.Īssociated with the plasmalemma (but also with other intracellular elements) are transmembrane macromolecules that control the functionality of nerve cells (voltage and ligand activated ionic channels, ionic pumps, non-gated ‘leakage’ channels) and the machinery that keeps the cells alive by continuously taking up and replacing the molecular modules that constitute the cell’s functional matrix.įigure 2: A. The soma houses the cell nucleus and most of the genomic expression and synthetic machinery that elaborates the proteins, lipids, and sugars that constitute the neuronal cytoplasm and membranes. ![]() Neurons are generically characterized by a central cell body or soma that comes in different shapes.
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